This is an artist’s reconstruction of Mohenjo-Daro. Their findings counter longstanding claims that the Harappan civilization developed as a peaceful, cooperative, and egalitarian state-level society, without social differentiation, hierarchy, or differences in access to basic resources. “The collapse of the Indus Civilization and the reorganization of its human population has been controversial for a long time,” said Dr Robbins Schug of Appalachian State University, who is the lead author of the study appearing in the open-access journal PLoS ONE.Ĭlimate, economic, and social changes all played a role in the process of urbanization and collapse, but little was known about how these changes affected the human population.ĭr Schug and her colleagues examined evidence for trauma and infectious disease in the human skeletal remains from three burial areas at the city of Harappa. Recent excavations have demonstrated that the cities grew rapidly from 2200-1900 BC, when they were largely abandoned. The city of Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro – the greatest achievements of this culture – are well known for their impressive, organized layout. It stretched over a million square kilometers of what is now Pakistan and India. Harappan civilization, or the Indus Valley civilization, developed in the middle of the third millennium BC, at the same time as contemporaneous civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. This is an artist’s reconstruction of the gateway and drain at the city of Harappa.
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